漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

* |; X2 c6 [3 L) F" y7 }; E9 Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 2 {; s" p. |/ @5 V4 E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ! Q! u' J- i0 E. I& Y; l( V1 z9 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 8 m" L9 x+ v$ ]8 L* ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,4 D) k6 x1 d9 i0 M! o ^ l ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

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! B6 B4 J: ]2 }7 c! K" Q- R) xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 1 g1 ^1 n8 H# K; T7 \ Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, , e( }" t# w( U# F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, " w" I. ]: D& P" w/ xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - H G( N/ O2 r3 z& H8 Z$ V# S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 7 h2 J% ~1 U9 t8 K, m' f# L' I8 n6 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 9 s& Z6 f) }5 T% s- v$ q5 t5 Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, : R0 `0 s6 ]8 O" o+ j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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3 J3 o @, ?8 ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 6 P% `& {& C+ S: p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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. I9 O7 ^% c) W* T# l, s# Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 1 {$ Y+ M1 v$ W! [/ | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ) o' G) K0 q! d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” # ^$ v- \7 u) M3 z( R4 E1 P W# S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ( C$ a9 h" x: q1 [' u S7 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 7 r o2 C( x6 l" Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 8 _- q/ y. E% ^ C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 t" v+ V4 h$ G$ K# E"Times New Roman"">前者为因, - \- R5 H; N. v2 D( `5 u* Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ; b: K7 w7 q4 X8 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 Y5 b" V: }. y* W: C6 i6 T"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, + c* M2 [, C7 K) I1 |) V& o# E# G; v% R; L% C% _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ) ~7 U, x0 `$ A8 Z: N8 e1 e% W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, , l7 {0 I- V$ ]! d' m+ Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 0 W; e# n+ m( V! R% S/ t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: % z F- D! A1 Q. q& W* g5 @ ^1 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " T! ~3 _; J) U; S"Times New Roman"">“ 0 e3 L* \9 {/ ^1 H8 d# t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 2 A. [( N% K5 n; h3 }* R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ! ~* V7 I; G1 B3 {/ C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 9 q: E8 C: s' ]4 n U, u! J- k3 a4 p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & s% P4 \2 b. `# U. S. k"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: & a; V) a6 I) }, b9 v7 { m5 C/ B+ F- E+ g( z4 k# @) Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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6 S) ~8 P& X# G0 }& O$ e" z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ; q6 c& [1 r y- h* I; C3 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, * G a) u# H! R. _, A7 E5 r" z, ]9 j# I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - q2 z7 ?1 d, `/ v"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, ( m6 a# j4 C4 q% V) u# n4 Q5 t* \" g- Q; [: `, [6 I" W! f1 p" @, Y; Q, imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 9 X( V4 i5 B" B$ r# s1 Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; {/ S4 @0 T5 S" c0 X3 }"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ! V/ T$ e1 F" _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 " i1 v7 B/ f. D% s! e+ g$ D8 W' ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里% n# W8 S5 P# U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 : |- M2 J3 Z4 |" f6 H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(* Z8 L& \& C- P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), : a, n4 u; t( I& g. K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用$ k9 W! a% y( V( s12.0pt">, ( `0 u/ ^, N/ c. S. I% w& D. M* H# R "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 9 N7 K/ R7 o0 L4 t9 y) n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ( L! q @5 k- |. O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!! d" o) B: h5 z7 b* w1 H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, , R1 }+ s: D) F- ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 |: }7 D) V, t4 D3 V: o8 ["Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 5 }- n- s. L1 `3 \( v1 h3 J2 l" Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, & }; m4 f- g9 Z% M0 r3 ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, - { x( F/ @( w$ I6 i. l0 X/ w+ R q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ y, `0 q( L. j/ n( e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”/ x' t. X s8 W5 L9 Z. k# W12.0pt"> & B+ M- G1 F) p9 [: \9 C3 T "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

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4 i" u2 K+ u, @% `" E7 C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, * Q1 a1 t/ T" Z% A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, # b9 r: X8 {( m! y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' s; {$ x8 h6 E9 Y3 z* C"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 5 z% w+ D; W7 n% m# d* ~' Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 2 i6 f) ]* K/ @5 L# K6 m, Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, . _ f9 C( A' e$ Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; n; {. p4 K0 f4 G" f C9 j3 J"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 1 q2 m4 T7 p6 ~+ e' E0 s0 J8 fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 9 q2 M# I; L \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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& K4 o- R& {# {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, ( y3 j* J( W% h% J/ ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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& [) O8 U% k# V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, : |% ]1 O2 e0 K N* C. j$ T7 L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 4 z0 i8 P( `& O% i% afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, & w% i- B: i- Y3 y$ z, i: l2 h% c4 E8 Y1 y$ ^+ L) c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ! |1 I# [& z" t8 y; Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,; _- j' a3 }) i/ z4 Z M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, % p9 W6 v6 u; r5 b" j h! C4 D5 {$ Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题+ u; o' H3 b. u2 L& S8 { 12.0pt">: ) Q! A: ^# y; n& R- S5 d1 `0 [ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ! F2 F' b+ s' V a2 O4 Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才, T$ F! w' m) V T+ [7 V 12.0pt">, ) M- o: u# ]4 R `. p- q1 N$ G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, . k8 o( P8 ^4 A$ B& J4 hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 }" K, m; U3 z; f, z' }: n"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; - t+ p; c1 E" C/ w; q0 Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 3 z% Z1 J' X) e( ?% B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, % V. K, u8 X) T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: r9 d; G0 q7 k$ d"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题( }$ A7 x$ u# g f 12.0pt">; # K/ L0 w+ j0 g' [6 b, T "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ' w) t/ u$ ]) V. Q+ O/ s2 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求+ G$ P) U, D4 [12.0pt">: - G! g' p( W; o0 F8 U6 E* H "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 2 T' Z$ \. C) u4 z) w/ n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & u5 I/ V6 d7 d% `$ o1 q8 ]3 |"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 2 L7 z w+ q1 U& @, }) Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + n/ y( H; M# e* g) H7 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 L5 n. i- \/ R/ x"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统! j& e- |& I3 ]+ R 12.0pt">:

 

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" W) K. I! ]; b" V# I' vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ * ^5 r( Q& r L" k, E& j {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” % {/ W) b7 H' o# X0 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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2 B: q) ~! p2 @3 M d. h r& h0 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">

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6 B2 P$ G4 o$ {5 u3 S6 G7 E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 6 C6 W- c" e- q. T5 n# Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) O/ ^1 s& o9 c9 Q" _"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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" e$ @1 o2 p5 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, B$ C8 x9 [( ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - P, t0 q' l( I" O"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, : S9 [$ q: r# Q8 G$ _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, : @5 m }; m8 Y, W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # @/ e0 c; Z6 F2 t8 {+ j7 z6 @7 x- v7 H"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 3 J6 e/ e ]: E' rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 6 N/ }/ W: Y; s/ t8 }" s0 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ( \( ~/ T3 u5 N: u5 E9 } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ( ]! m$ l6 z) e" U1 R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: - N6 P( s- w/ {5 l* m2 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, $ R/ m0 l% Y8 e' P3 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ' d8 \: s' ~4 H7 [3 s+ F4 s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * m: y1 H5 ?: }"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 5 l: @, G! Z! F5 f/ { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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0 R% d& j. n& x6 J% |3 u/ B" H/ G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,0 G( G# ^5 u3 `" }! }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定! y! j) I, h& p- d' {6 } 12.0pt">, ' Z3 a4 I# L1 x+ W! [% {8 D4 b "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ( f/ B4 u: ]; L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:4 u1 c9 n7 N% ~/ p* f% fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, " ~! N' e; Z% t# A4 O) n8 ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, + |3 h, j! X" k5 ?% |& u& xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # a0 b) t& ^$ H: u0 b6 }6 G# w1 R& C"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, : x$ E# R0 l* O1 d5 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, * M% B! b! R9 F8 a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + O9 L2 Q# ^# U: P"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: $ y9 s( Z6 J8 M$ ]! r2 ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ , J1 m( |- ~7 \+ e- F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ) h7 t% h2 m& {" n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! o4 V3 B& V/ ^3 K7 Q3 Y$ ? P"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊